Vocabulary plays an important part in an EFL/ ESL textbook. The language input contained in textbooks and the representation of dimensions in vocabulary activities may have various impacts on learners’ language acquisition and development. According to Webb and Nation, vocabulary development requires the establishment of certain learning situations. It is imperative to analyze whether the vocabulary exercises presented in the book serve the desired purpose or not. The present research analyzed present General English textbook to ensure that it fulfills the learning needs of students. During the analysis, it was found that most of the sections of the vocabulary are well presented with proper context. However, there were some sections which do not contextualize the vocabulary as presented in the book. These items need to be substituted. Certain sections of the vocabulary are above the level of learners and need to be replaced with the easy ones.

This paper reports the findings of an investigation into English as a foreign language (EFL) teachers’ self-efficacy and their classroom management in the context of the Mekong Delta of Vietnam. The paper also aims to find out what makes teachers different in terms of skills in classroom management. The study was designed as a descriptive mixed-methods one, using a questionnaire, focus group interviews, and classroom observations to collect data. Forty-six EFL teachers from three high schools responded to the questionnaire. Twelve got involved in the semi-structured interviews, and six as classroom observed teachers. Two group interviews were conducted with the participation of three vice-principals and three heads of English teams. The results indicated a significant interaction between EFL teachers’ self-efficacy and their classroom management skills. Teachers who own a higher level of self-efficacy showed to manage their classes in a more confident and purposive manner than those with a lower level of self-efficacy. Three main reasons differentiating teachers’ skills in classroom management, including pre-service teacher education, previous attending continuing professional development events, and teacher’s learning autonomy were detected. Case-based teaching, organizational learning, and lesson study are recommended in pre-service teacher education and in-service teacher professional development activities to enhance teachers’ self-efficacy and their classroom management.

This study aimed to look into the impact of continuous self-assessment on the self-efficacy beliefs of undergraduates studying English as a foreign language (EFL). To find out if there is a change in students’ beliefs about their language proficiency perception, the research was undertaken with 102 participants at the school of foreign languages of a private university. It was designed as quasi-experimental research utilizing qualitative and quantitative research methods to collect data through a self-efficacy scale, self-assessment questionnaire, and self-reflection checklists. The control and experimental groups were administered a self-efficacy scale at the beginning and the end of the term. Throughout the term, the participants in the experimental group assessed themselves weekly through self-reflection checklists and a self-assessment questionnaire. Based on the overall results, it was found that when the students had an opportunity to identify their strengths and weaknesses during a skill-based task through self-assessment questionnaires, they had a better sense of mastery related to that task. This inevitably led to an increase in their self-efficacy beliefs in terms of four skills, namely reading, writing, listening, and speaking as well as grammar.

Self-esteem can be simply defined as how a person views and appreciates him or herself as an individual. This is closely related to the idea of self-concept, which is an individual’s perception of who they are emotionally, physically, spiritually, and socially, as well as with regard to various other facets. Self-esteem is an important aspect of a language learner. It deals with how a learner views him or herself, whether a learner views him or herself as a successful or failing language learner. This study revealed how Procedural Writing class students in a private university perceived themselves. The study was conducted in an English Education Study Program of a private university in Central Java, Indonesia. It questioned whether these students had high or low self-esteem. The research only focused on one question: Do Procedural Writing class students with high self-esteem have good language learning achievement? The data was mainly collected from 14 students; 13 were Indonesian, and one was Korean. The findings revealed that students with good achievements do not always have high self-esteem. Many factors affected their self-esteem. Their characters, learning environment, and past experiences were a few of the other factors. In contrast, students considered as low achievers could have high self-confidence and self-esteem.

This study focused on investigating English as a foreign language (EFL) gifted high school students’ challenges in classes when the integration of reading and writing was used. 103 grade 11 students from three gifted high schools in Mekong Delta were invited to participate in this study. The study adopted a descriptive, mixed method research design which employed the questionnaire and semi-structured interviews to collect data. The questionnaire, together with semi-structured interviews was used to collect data about EFL gifted high school students’ challenges of integration of reading and writing on their writing skills. The results of the study proved that students faced difficulties in integrating reading into writing lessons at a medium level, in relation to materials and integration tasks. However, the participants faced the greatest challenge in terms of personal backgrounds.

Implementing an English curriculum, especially one from outside Indonesia, is risky. Some schools produce positive outcomes, while others produce the opposite. This study aims to evaluate the difficulties of learning English from writing abilities using the Cambridge Curriculum in Indonesia. This study employed a qualitative approach that included interviews with students, school administrators, English instructors, and curriculum coordinators (n = 7) and documentation and observation, which served as data validation instruments. The results of the study indicate that, of the four language skills: reading, writing, speaking, and listening, the scores for reading and writing skills were not as predicted. The maximum score for Cambridge English was 6, and of the two skills measured, notably writing, the score was 3. This conclusion highlights the need to prepare English teacher credentials per Cambridge standards. This research has consequences for the design of learning English, which can help students improve their writing skills to meet Cambridge's maximum grade criteria.

This study used a qualitative method to explore a teacher’s use of motivational strategies in an English for specific purposes (ESP) course and students’ perceptions. An English teacher in a business English class and her 32 students were recruited. The class was observed three times: at the beginning, in the middle, and at the end of the course. Two semi-structured interviews with the teacher were conducted: one before classroom observation, and the other after observation. Interviews with the students were conducted after each classroom observation. The teacher used seven motivational strategies to create a supportive and relaxed classroom atmosphere, and five strategies to facilitate students’ language learning. Most students’ perceptions of the teacher’s use of motivational strategies were positive. However, the students perceived a gap between their expectations for the course and their experiences. Finally, the article concludes by offering insights into the implications and constraints related to pedagogy.

Skinner’s behaviorist theory delineates how a child acquires L1; notwithstanding, what sets the present study apart from Skinner’s findings can be culled-out from the research context itself. This paper validates the principles behind behaviorist theory as proposed by Skinner (1985) taking into account applied linguistics context. Careful scrutiny of data reveals that the explored theory also plays a vital role in the gradual L2 acquisition through meaningful linguistic attempts (e.g., There are persons cutting trees without replanting; His friends Marilyn and Alicia clean the classroom) and reading activities by fostering affirmative learning atmosphere to induce positive language attitude towards L2 acquisition and functionality. Negligible errors in the process of L2 acquisition are attributed to linguistic variability, interlanguage, and inflectional morphology component. This study is advantageous to EFL learners and teachers globally for it highlights some linguistic implications indispensable to interpret the learning rate, lexical range, comprehensible input (CI), and language cognition of L2 students specifically in early language education. EFL educators may be able to provide meaningful linguistic activities by considering the essential tenets of this academic piece as well as the multiculturalism factor to L2 acquisition.

This study sheds light on perceptions and attitudes toward obtaining competency of English teachers at Senior High Schools regarding the integration of Internet, communication, and technology (ICT) in the English classroom in Indonesia. The research involved 113 English teachers from 11 different sub-districts in Riau Province-Indonesia, and data were collected through online questionnaires utilizing Google Forms. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS 24.0, while qualitative data were analyzed using a three-stage analysis involving data reduction, data display, and verification. The study’s findings revealed positive perceptions and favorable attitudes toward the integration of ICT in EFL classrooms. Importantly, EFL teachers’ competency in ICT significantly influenced their teaching performance. Qualitative insights highlighted obstacles faced by English teachers, such as limited internet networking and inadequate facilities, impacting their experiences due to the absence of ICT training and socialization from schools. Based on the findings, there is an urgent need to address challenges faced by teachers in rural areas, emphasizing the pivotal role of ICT for effective teaching and learning in EFL classrooms.

Active learning has been a curriculum mandate in the Indonesian education system since the 1980s. Nonetheless, practical gaps existed, as evidenced by the dominance of teacher-centered instruction in public schools. The field needs research depicting how active learning works and enhances learning. Thus, we conducted a qualitative case study focusing on one method within active learning pedagogies: cooperative learning. Specifically, we examined how one of its techniques, i.e., Jigsaw, operated and optimized English as a foreign language (EFL) learners' reading comprehension. We involved one EFL teacher and her students in eighth grade. Data were gathered through classroom observations, in-depth interviews, and analysis of instructional documents. Our data analysis revealed some missed steps in the teacher participants' lesson plans, specifically in the main learning activities sections that had the Jigsaw procedures. However, these activities were enacted in the actual classroom use. The teacher participant also modified her lessons to make Jigsaw more effective. Additionally, she tackled challenges that occurred during the process, especially in dealing with low levels of reading comprehension, unmotivated students, and limited time. For effective use of Jigsaw and considerations when making adjustments in classroom practice, we recommend that teachers understand cooperative learning principles and how they manifest in the procedures of the selected technique(s).

Mindset theories have been applied to study motivation in various domains, with researchers talking about different mindsets in diverse academic domains. The domain specificity of mindsets has led second language researchers to suggest distinct mindsets concerning language ability and learning outcomes. While there is no lack of research on the application of mindset theories, a systematic synthesis of the literature on mindset theories focusing on the language education domain has remained relatively unexplored. The literature in this study was identified by conducting keyword searches in Scopus and EBSCOhost research databases using a combination of the following terms: “mindset theories”, “English as a foreign language”, “English as a second language”, and “teacher training”. The search results were limited to research articles published in English-medium refereed journals from 2013 to 2023. We scrutinized the titles and abstracts of 128 articles in the initial round of screening and did a second round of close reading for relevance to the synthesis focus. This chapter synthesizes 40 research papers on the application of mindset theories in the domain of language teaching and learning, including 1) studies on language skills such as writing, 2) studies related to language teachers’ role and teacher training, and 3) theoretical and practical applications of mindset theories. The conclusions drawn will be used to recommend future directions in research and practice. The chapter will contribute to the field of mindset theories in language education in terms of research and practice for educators and researchers.

Despite the continued widespread use of the academic word list, there is a paucity of comprehensive and easily replicable tests which measure learners’ depth of knowledge of academic word list items. This paper outlines the development and initial validation of a test which measures multiple aspects of learners’ knowledge of academic vocabulary. The test comprises four sections – one productive knowledge section (sentence writing), and three receptive knowledge sections (collocations, synonyms, and L1 meaning). Each section includes 30 items selected from the academic word list, 10 of which are derived forms containing one or more affixes. The test was administered to 193 Japanese students studying at a public medical university in Japan. All four sections of the test showed a high level of internal consistency. In addition, the inter-rater reliability between the two different markers for the productive use (sentence writing) section was also moderately high. Furthermore, Rasch item analysis showed that the test items were well fitted to comprehensively measure learners’ knowledge of academic vocabulary. These encouraging initial results suggest that there may be merit in the test being used, evaluated, and possibly adapted in other EAP teaching and learning contexts.

Failure in visual word recognition brings about frustration and failure in reading which impinge on the achievement and reading progress of learners. In order to contribute towards assisting every child to achieve minimum proficiency in reading, this investigation examined the impact of podcasts on the abilities of second language learners in sight word recognition. The study which is quasi-experimental, made use of the pre-test post-test nonequivalent groups method. The study participants who were purposively sampled from a privately owned primary school in Enugu urban, South East, Nigeria comprise thirty elementary two learners. Pre-and post-tests were administered to the participants who were grouped into intervention and control groups. The intervention group listened to podcasts in word recognition skills while the control group learned word recognition through the usual method. Statistical tools such as means, standard deviation and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) were utilized to analyze the data collected. The research question was answered through Standard Deviation and the learners’ mean achievement scores, while the hypothesis, which was set at <0.05 level of significance, was tested with the ANCOVA. The results of the investigation showed that podcasts facilitated improvement in the word recognition skills of English as a second language (ESL) learners. The study concluded that the use of podcast proves to be an efficient instructional media capable of promoting achievement in word recognition skills of learners in an ESL classroom. On the basis of the results, exploring the use of podcasts in the teaching of word recognition skills among ESL learners was recommended.

This qualitative study explored: (a) How do the three English-Education-major (EE hereafter) undergraduates perceive their academic self-efficacy change experiences over the first two years after major transfer? (b) What are the personal and social factors that prompt their academic self-efficacy change? Data was collected from three EE students at S University in S city, China. Data sources include semi-structured interviews, reflections, and observation notes. Data analysis uses qualitative content analysis, adopting an inductive approach to allow themes to naturally emerge from the data. Findings reveal that participants experienced academic self-efficacy changes through continuous and uneasy processes. Significant changes were noted in the participants’ academic self-efficacy. Key personal factors, including mastery experiences and physiological/emotional states, along with social factors, including verbal and social persuasion and vicarious experiences, were found to substantially influence self-efficacy. In light of the above findings, practical implications were proposed for EE programs and program developers from the three aspects: creating opportunities for mastery experiences within EE programs, incorporating elements of social persuasion and vicarious learning, and integrating modules focused on managing anxiety and fostering resilience. Limitations of this study and recommendations for future research were discussed.

A large body of evidence demonstrates that cooperative learning promotes reading achievement.  Cooperative learning is based on Social Interdependence Theory, which holds that learners benefit from leveraging cooperative effort to achieve individual and mutual goals. Student-generated questioning (SGQ) is a cooperative learning strategy that promotes learning through an iterative self and peer-assessment process. SGQ has yielded mixed results among lower-proficiency language users, where linguistic and cultural barriers can impede efficacy. Providing students with pre-training, procedural prompts, and language modeling has proven effective. A quasi-experimental, pretest-posttest design was employed to determine the impact of a highly scaffolded SGQ strategy on reading comprehension in two intact CEFR-A2 reading classes (n = 62) over a 16-week semester at a Japanese university. The Cambridge A2 Key Test was administered before and after the reading intervention. Parametric test results revealed SGQ had no significant effect on any of the five reading subskills. Further discussion of findings and recommendations may prove instructive for reading educators and researchers of low-proficiency English students in Japan and other East Asian contexts.

The study aims at a deeper understanding of English classroom environment (CE) and foreign language enjoyment (FLE) in the context of a Chinese university and further explores the relationship among CE, FLE, and students’ performance in learning English as a foreign language. The 336 participants in this study were mostly from science departments, and about one-third of them came from Tibet and Xinjiang Autonomous Region. The findings indicate that the participants’ CE and FLE were at a moderate level and that significant positive correlations were detected among CE, FLE and English performance. The study has some practical implications for EFL (English as a foreign language) teaching and learning: (a) The establishment of a good healthy CE can effectively promote students’ performance; (b) The students’ FLE can help them learn English better; (c) Teachers and students should attach importance to the process of English learning, where teachers ought to actively play their part in building a healthy CE and enhancing students’ sense of FLE in English learning.

Speaking is one of the most challenging skills in studying English, raising concerns among many English teachers about how to help improve their students’ speaking performance. While many shy students prefer to work individually, others indicate their competence in group work. Therefore, this study investigates the effect of group discussion in authentic role-play on the speaking performance of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) young learners at a suburban primary school in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Participants in this study include 80 students: an experimental group (N=40) and a control group (N=40). During six weeks of the role-play session, experimental group students will work in groups, whereas the control group’s participants will prepare individually. Pre-tests and post-tests were employed to examine the students’ speaking performance, and interviews are conducted to compare students’ perceptions of the two role-play formats. The results from the speaking test show that the scores of the experimental group were higher than those of the control group. In the experimental group, five components are improved: pronunciation, content, vocabulary, grammar, and fluency. In contrast, only three components (pronunciation, content, and grammar) are enhanced in the control group. The findings from the interviews revealed that students of both group discussion and individual work engaged in role-play activities and substantially improved their language skills. However, they also faced some challenges in effectively using the two formats of role-play during speaking lessons.